The 2011 Congressional Year in Review for Animals

As the first year of the 112^th Congress draws to a close, the Humane Society Legislative Fund takes stock of how animal protection fared in 2011. Despite congressional gridlock, budget standoffs, and deepening partisan divides, we were able to win some important victories for animals, set the stage for further progress in 2012, and demonstrate again that animal welfare is a core American value. We will soon publish our final 2011 Humane Scorecard, which rates members of Congress on their individual performance, but today I will provide a round-up of the year’s achievements, setbacks, and work that lies ahead.

Achievements

It was undoubtedly a very tough budget climate to seek funding increases, with many lawmakers focused on deficit reduction this year. Nevertheless, thanks to a concerted lobbying push by The HSUS and HSLF and our supporters, Congress approved some record-level boosts for key animal welfare programs in fiscal year 2012:

Almost a 20 percent jump (more than $5 million increase) in the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s annual budget to strengthen inspections and enforcement of the Animal Welfare Act at about 12,000 sites, including puppy mills, laboratories, zoos, circuses, and other facilities. This is on top of $4 million in reprogrammed FY 2011 funds approved in October by Agriculture Appropriations leaders—Reps. Jack Kingston, R-Ga., and Sam Farr, D-Calif., and Sens. Herb Kohl, D-Wis., and Roy Blunt, R-Mo.—specifically to improve oversight at puppy mills. A bipartisan group of 125 representatives and 34 senators—led by Reps. Earl Blumenauer, D-Ore., and Chris Smith, R-N.J., and Sens. Barbara Boxer, D-Calif., and David Vitter, R-La.—joined in seeking the FY 2012 boost for the Animal Welfare Act, along with funding for other key animal welfare programs.
A nearly 40 percent jump ($196,000 increase) for USDA’s enforcement of the Horse Protection Act, which had been stuck at the woefully inadequate ceiling of $500,000 since 1976. These funds will help USDA crack down on the cruel and illegal practice of “soring” show horses, the intentional use of caustic chemicals and sharp objects on horses’ hooves and legs to make it painful for them to step down and give them an artificial, high-stepping gait in show competitions—in other words, deliberate infliction of severe pain in order to cheat and win prizes. Sen. Mary Landrieu, D-La., and Reps. Phil Roe, R-Tenn., Ed Whitfield, R-Ky., and Steve Cohen, D-Tenn., championed this funding request.
A 17 percent jump ($2.32 million increase) for USDA’s Investigative and Enforcement Services, which does follow-up work on a range of cases including those under the Animal Welfare Act and the Horse Protection Act. All of the FY 2012 increase is dedicated for animal welfare activities.
Maintaining $4.8 million (same as last year) for the veterinary student loan forgiveness program that helps ease the shortage of veterinarians practicing in rural areas and in government positions (such as those overseeing humane slaughter and Animal Welfare Act rules), by forgiving student debt for those who choose to practice in one of those underserved areas.
At least $20 million to help ensure implementation of labor and environmental provisions—including for wildlife protection programs—under free trade agreements with countries of Central America, Peru, and the Dominican Republic.
Thanks to the work of the Center for Biological Diversity and others, $4 million to study and combat white-nose syndrome, a lethal disease that has had a devastating impact on millions of bats in North America.
In addition to funding animal welfare programs, the appropriations committees also included helpful report language directing the federal agencies and expressing concern about a number of important issues:
- Humane Slaughter—directing USDA to ensure that funds intended to strengthen oversight of humane handling rules are being used that way.
- Animal Fighting—expressing strong concern and urging USDA to work with relevant agencies to investigate and enforce laws against dogfighting and cockfighting.
- Antibiotics in Animal Agriculture—urging the Food and Drug Administration to take several specific actions to move forward on addressing the overuse of antibiotics in livestock for non-therapeutic purposes, a common practice on factory farms. Sen. Dianne Feinstein, D-Calif., and Rep. Louise Slaughter, D-N.Y., led efforts on this.
- Pet Theft for Research—directing the National Institutes of Health to expedite its phase-out of Class B dealer-acquired dogs and cats in research (such dealers obtain animals through random sources, which can include theft of family pets and fraudulent response to “free to good home” ads). Sen. Tom Harkin, D-Iowa, played the key role on this.
- Alternatives Development—requiring the NIH to prioritize funding for transition to computational, molecular and other non-animal tests for chemical risk assessment and drug testing, and report to Congress on progress; also requiring the Environmental Protection Agency to move to computational toxicology and other non-animal testing for the Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program. Rep. Ken Calvert, R-Calif., and Sen. Harkin championed these efforts.

And there were other bright spots for animal protection in 2011:

As part of the final funding bill for USDA, Congress agreed to prohibit agribusiness subsidy direct payments to millionaires (individuals or legal entities with an average Adjusted Gross Income in excess of $1 million). Sen. Tom Coburn, R-Okla., offered an amendment that was approved by an overwhelming 84-15 vote and then incorporated into the House-Senate conference package. Earlier in the year, similar amendments were offered in the House by Reps. Blumenauer and Jeff Flake, R-Ariz.—those were defeated, but helped build momentum for this effort. Massive factory farms, which thrive on taxpayer giveaways that keep animal feed artificially cheap, jeopardize public health, the environment and animal welfare, while also driving smaller and more humane, sustainable family farms out of business. We hope Congress will enact further reforms to end wasteful handouts that support factory farms.
An anti-wildlife rider in the committee bill funding the Interior Department was removed, thanks to an amendment offered on the floor by Reps. Norm Dicks, D-Wash., Mike Thompson, D-Calif., Mike Fitzpatrick, R-Pa., and Colleen Hanabusa, D-Hawaii, which was approved by a vote of 224-202 in July. The “extinction rider” would have prevented the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service from implementing some of the most crucial sections of the Endangered Species Act, such as protecting any new species and designating critical habitat for currently listed species.
The final funding bill for the Interior Department contained a good provision barring the Bureau of Land Management from killing healthy, unadopted wild horses and burros or selling them for slaughter, as in past years.
The Senate’s Defense Department authorization bill would have inadvertently eliminated a prohibition in the Uniform Code of Military Justice against acts of bestiality by service members, as the Senate dealt with the repeal of the “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” policy. After we contacted the key members of the House-Senate conference committee, the conferees restored the ban on bestiality.
The Army agreed to halt testing on monkeys of nerve agents meant to simulate a nerve gas attack, as urged by Rep. Roscoe Bartlett, R-Md.

Setbacks

Congress unfortunately took some adverse actions for animals this year, including the failure to renew language that has been in each of the annual funding bills for USDA since 2005 regarding horse slaughter. This “defund” language barred the agency from conducting inspections at or approving meat from horse slaughter plants. The language was incorporated into the House Agriculture Appropriations bill in May, thanks to a successful amendment offered in committee by Rep. Jim Moran, D-Va., but it was dropped in the final House-Senate conference negotiations in November. Americans don’t eat horses, and they don’t want them inhumanely killed, shrink-wrapped, and sent to Belgium or Japan for a high-priced appetizer. Nor do they want taxpayers to have to subsidize such a cruel industry. The omission of the defunding provision makes even more urgent our push to enact S. 1176 / H.R. 2966, the American Horse Slaughter Prevention Act (led by Sens. Landrieu and Lindsey Graham, R-S.C., and Reps. Dan Burton, R-Ind., and Jan Schakowsky, D-Ill.) to prohibit the transport—within the U.S., as well as export to Mexico and Canada—of horses for slaughter for human consumption. The House bill currently has 153 cosponsors, and the Senate bill 27 cosponsors.

In another step backwards, Rep. Mike Simpson, R-Idaho, and Sen. Jon Tester, D-Mont., led the charge against wolves by making an end run around the Endangered Species Act on the “continuing resolution” enacted in April to fund the federal government through FY 2011. Putting politics before science, they removed ESA protections for gray wolves in the Northern Rockies. This delisting of a species by congressional fiat opened the door for reckless sport hunting and trapping of wolves in large numbers in Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming, and sets a dangerous precedent for future politically motivated attacks on the ESA.

The House also defeated an amendment offered by Reps. John Campbell, R-Calif., Peter DeFazio, D-Ore., and Gary Peters, D-Mich., to cut $11 million in lethal predator control as a subsidy for private livestock ranchers. USDA’s Wildlife Services program routinely uses tax dollars to poison wildlife, shoot them from helicopters, and use other costly, cruel and indiscriminate methods that also kill pets and endangered species—and that don’t work effectively, since other predators move into the vacant territory. According to USDA, less than 1 percent of livestock are killed by predators. Non-lethal, cost-effective and humane control methods are available, yet the federal government continues to waste millions of tax dollars on inhumane killing methods.

Key Issues Ahead

We are halfway through a two-year congressional session, and there are a number of other animal protection issues which are still making their way through the process. We built critical momentum in 2011 on key issues like animal fighting, puppy mills, horse slaughter, and chimps in research, and all of those bills have large numbers of bipartisan cosponsors going into 2012. Here are some of the key issues that lie ahead:

Pets and Cruelty

Veterans Dog Training Therapy Act—To create a pilot program for training dogs, including shelter dogs, as a form of therapy to help treat combat veterans suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder and other post-deployment mental health conditions, and then have the animals become service dogs for veterans with disabilities. H.R. 198 introduced by Rep. Michael Grimm, R-N.Y. / S. 1838 introduced by Sens. Max Baucus, D-Mont., and John Boozman, R-Ark. The House unanimously approved H.R. 198 as part of a package (H.R. 2074) of veterans’ health care bills, and it’s now pending in the Senate.
Puppy Uniform Protection and Safety (PUPS) Act—To close a loophole in the Animal Welfare Act by requiring that large commercial breeders who sell 50 or more puppies per year directly to consumers via the Internet or other means be licensed and inspected; and to require that dogs used for breeding at commercial breeding facilities be provided the opportunity to exercise daily. H.R. 835 introduced by Reps. Jim Gerlach, R-Pa., Farr, Bill Young, R-Fla., and Lois Capps, D-Calif. / S. 707 introduced by Sens. Dick Durbin, D-Ill., and Vitter. The House bill currently has 192 cosponsors, and the Senate bill 32. Sens. Durbin and Vitter also sent a letter encouraging USDA to issue a regulation covering breeders selling directly to the public.
Animal Fighting Spectator Prohibition Act—To establish misdemeanor penalties for knowingly attending an organized animal fight and felony penalties for bringing a minor to such a fight. H.R. 2492 introduced by Reps. Tom Marino, R-Pa., and Betty Sutton, D-Ohio / S. 1947 introduced by Sens. Richard Blumenthal, D-Conn., Mark Kirk, R-Ill., Maria Cantwell, D-Wash., and Scott Brown, R-Mass. The House bill currently has 179 cosponsors, and the Senate bill was just introduced.

Equine Issues

Horse Transportation Safety Act—To prohibit the use of double-decker vehicles to transport horses in interstate commerce. S. 1281 introduced by Sens. Kirk and Frank Lautenberg, D-N.J.
Interstate Horseracing Improvement Act—To prohibit the use of performance-enhancing drugs in horseracing, which jeopardizes the health and safety of both horses and jockeys, creates an unfair playing field, and corrupts the integrity of the sport. H.R. 1733 introduced by Rep. Whitfield / S. 886 introduced by Sen. Tom Udall, D-N.M.

Animals in Research

Great Ape Protection and Cost Savings Act—To phase out the use of chimpanzees in invasive research, retire all (approximately 500) federally-owned chimpanzees to sanctuary, and prohibit the breeding of chimpanzees for invasive research. H.R. 1513 introduced by Reps. Bartlett, Steve Israel, D-N.Y., Dave Reichert, R-Wash., Jim Langevin, D-R.I., and Ed Towns, D-N.Y. / S. 810 introduced by Sens. Cantwell, Susan Collins, R-Maine, and Bernard Sanders, I-Vt. Adopting these reforms for chimpanzees would save taxpayers $300 million over the next decade. The National Academies’ Institute of Medicine issued a report in December concluding that chimpanzees are largely unnecessary for research, and alternatives are readily available. Sens. Harkin, Tom Udall, and Jeff Bingaman, D-N.M., had requested the IOM study. The House bill currently has 152 cosponsors, and the Senate bill 13 cosponsors.
Animal Testing—As Congress looks for ways to reduce the federal deficit, we are pushing to replace outdated, costly, and time consuming animal tests that the National Toxicology Program still relies on, though they often yield unusable results, with much more efficient molecular, cellular and computational tests. For one-fifth the cost of a multi-year NTP carcinogenicity study, the NIH Chemical Genomics Center reports that it is able to screen up to 1,000 chemicals in 200 different robot-automated cell or gene tests in as little as two weeks. Shifting away from conventional animal testing to better test methods would save at least $500 million over the next decade.
Battlefield Excellence through Superior Training (BEST) Practices Act—To require the Secretary of Defense to use only human-based training methods for training members of the Armed Forces in the treatment of combat trauma injuries, and prohibit the use of animals in such training. H.R. 1417 introduced by Rep. Bob Filner, D-Calif.

Farm Animals

Egg Products Inspection Act Amendments—To phase out barren battery cages for all 280 million laying hens in the United States, provide them with nearly twice as much space, mandate labels on egg cartons to inform consumers about how the eggs were produced, and make other needed reforms jointly agreed upon by The Humane Society of the United States and the United Egg Producers, which represents 87 percent of the egg industry in this country. This legislation will establish a uniform, mandatory national standard that ensures a level playing field for all producers and certainty about what will be required in the coming years, so they can make the necessary investments in their businesses. Reps. Kurt Schrader, D-Ore., Elton Gallegly, R-Calif., and others plan to introduce this bill early in 2012.
Preservation of Antibiotics for Medical Treatment Act—To phase out the routine non-therapeutic use of antibiotics in farm animals—a common practice to promote growth and compensate for overcrowded, stressful, unsanitary conditions on factory farms—in order to maintain the effectiveness of antibiotics for treating sick people and animals. H.R. 965 introduced by Rep. Slaughter / S. 1211 introduced by Sens. Feinstein and Collins.
Downed Animal and Food Safety Protection Act—To codify the USDA ban on the slaughter of downed cattle and strengthen it to cover other species, as well as downed calves, and ensure immediate humane euthanasia and application to livestock auctions and markets. H.R. 3704 introduced by Reps. Gary Ackerman, D-N.Y., and Peter King, R-N.Y.

Wildlife

Wild Horses—The House approved a $2 million cut in Bureau of Land Management funding for wild horse and burro management, offered as an amendment to H.R. 1 (a continuing resolution to fund the government through FY 2011) by Rep. Burton. The purpose of the cut was to call attention to serious problems in the BLM’s current management program of round-ups and long-term holding in federally-financed pens, and the availability of a more fiscally-responsible alternative approach involving humane fertility control (immunocontraception) on the range. While H.R. 1 was ultimately defeated in the Senate, the House action helped spur BLM—a week after the Burton amendment’s approval—to announce its intention to overhaul its wild horse and burro management and modestly increase plans for using immunocontraception. Rep. Raúl Grijalva, D-Ariz., led a group letter (co-signed by 64 other representatives) to the Department of Interior opposing a planned round-up to spay and geld wild horses; the letter noted that immunocontraception is more humane, and BLM subsequently cancelled its spay/geld plan, instead using immunocontraception. We will continue pushing to overhaul the BLM’s current system with a more humane, effective program that could save taxpayers $180 million over ten years.
Large Constrictor Snakes—The Obama administration has been delaying action on a long-awaited rule that would list nine invasive species of dangerous giant snakes, including pythons, boa constrictors, and anacondas, as “injurious” under the Lacey Act, which would ban their import into the U.S. or transportation between states. These snakes, sold for the pet trade, jeopardize public safety, animal welfare, and fragile ecosystems. Sens. Bill Nelson, D-Fla., and Ben Cardin, D-Md., and Reps. Tom Rooney, R-Fla., Bill Young, Dicks, Gregorio Sablan, D-Northern Mariana Islands, Ed Markey, D-Mass., and Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, R-Fla., mobilized letters urging the White House to finalize the rule, and were joined by 17 other representatives. In addition to the regulatory effort, Rep. Rooney introduced H.R. 511. If the Obama administration issues a weakened rule, or fails to address all nine species of snakes, we will continue to work in Congress for a comprehensive policy.
Captive Primate Safety Act—To prohibit interstate and foreign commerce in primates for the pet trade. S. 1324 introduced by Sens. Boxer, Vitter, and Blumenthal. The release of dozens of exotic animals including primates from a private farm in Ohio—which led to panic in the community and nearly all the animals being shot to death—highlighted the urgency for this legislation, reminding the nation about the out-of-control exotic pet industry that puts animals and people at risk every day.
Wildlife Conservation—Several bills to reauthorize programs that protect wildlife are advancing. House subcommittee hearings have been held on H.R. 1761, introduced by Rep. Pedro Pierluisi, D-Puerto Rico, to extend a grant program for marine turtle conservation; on H.R. 1760, introduced by Rep. George Miller, D-Calif., to do the same for great ape populations and their habitats; and on H.R. 50, introduced by Rep. Don Young, R-Alaska, to reauthorize the Multinational Species Conservation Funds for the protection of the African and Asian elephant, rhinoceros, and tiger. S. 538, introduced by Sen. Cardin to extend the grant program for neotropical migratory bird conservation, was approved in committee and placed on the Senate calendar (the House companion bill is H.R. 1456, introduced by Rep. Ron Kind, D-Wis.).
Sportsmanship in Hunting Act—To prohibit the interstate transport of exotic mammals for the purpose of "canned hunts" (the killing of animals for trophies or entertainment in fenced areas smaller than 1,000 acres); and to ban remote-controlled hunting offered via the Internet. H.R. 2210 introduced by Reps. Cohen and Brad Sherman, D-Calif.
Anti-Wildlife Bills—The House Natural Resources Committee chaired by Rep. Doc Hastings, R-Wash., has passed several harmful pieces of legislation, including H.R. 3069, to allow the killing of sea lions in the Columbia River basin because they eat a tiny fraction of the fish there (notwithstanding the much larger take from commercial fishing, invasive species, and habitat destruction), regardless of whether the fish are listed under the ESA; H.R. 991, a bailout for 41 big game hunters who want to import polar bear trophies into this country from Canada; and H.R. 2834, which would prioritize sport hunting on federal lands, at the expense of other land users. But opponents on the committee, such as Reps. Markey, Grijalva, John Garamendi, D-Calif., and Madeleine Bordallo, D-Guam, challenged these harmful bills and laid important groundwork to stop them in the full House and in the Senate from becoming law.

In sum, the 112^th Congress is a work-in-progress. While we made some critical breakthroughs for animals, particularly on the funding front, we also suffered some setbacks. Many critically important animal welfare bills are poised for action in the second session, and congressional support is also putting pressure on the federal agencies to take action for animal protection. We hope you’ll join us as we work harder than ever to advance an animal protection agenda in Congress in 2012.

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